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Dysplasia

• A degree of failure of maturation of a tissue associated with a tendency to aneuploidy and pleomorphism but without the capacity to spread
• An abnormality of development of tissue in which fibrous or other non-specialised tissue is present instead of the expected tissue

Causes of dysplasia

1. Chemicals
   • Smoking
   • Alcohol (larynx, stomach)
2. Viruses
   • HPV 16,18
3. Specific chronic inflammation
   • UC
4. Non-specific chronic inflammation
   • Cystitis leading to bladder carcinoma

Sites of Dysplasia

1. Respiratory tract
   • Bronchus: in relation to smoking
2. Gastrointestinal tract
   • Oesophagus - in relation to candidiasis or other chronic irritation with results in squamous dysplasia
   • Oesophagus: Barrett's oesophagus - glandular dysplasia
   • Stomach: H.pylori infection
   • Large bowel: ulcerative colitis
3. Urogenital tract
   • Cervix: CIN

Histological featurs

1. Multilayering (of a columnar or cuboidal) epithelium
2. Mitotic figures - increased in number, presence of abnormal mitoses
3. Pleomorphism
4. Hyperchromatism
5. Loss of cell-cell adhesion resulting in shedding
6. No invasion of basement membrane