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Stimuli

1. Trauma
2. Surgery
3. Infection
4. Hypothermia
5. Hypoglycaemia

Physiological systems involved

1. Sympathetic
   • Produces changes in cardiovascular endocrine and metabolic systems
2. Endocrine
   • ACTH release: release of cortisol / corticosterone
     1. Glucose metabolism
     2. Protein uptake into liver, promotion of catabolism
     3. Lipolysis
     4. Anti-inflammatory, immunosuppressive, anti-allergic
   • GH / Somatotrophin
   • Glucagon
   • Thyroxine
3. Acute phase proteins
4. Microcirculatory changes